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Figure 2. Roles of LPS, peptidoglycan, ß-glucan, and water-soluble 
-glucans in the activation of peritoneal exudate macrophages by water-insoluble -glucans. (A) 10 pg/mL of LPS, 2.5 ng/mL of type III peptidoglycan, 25 pg/mL of ß-1,3-glucan, 30 µg/mL of water-insoluble -glucans with 10 pg/mL of LPS, 30 µg/mL of water-insoluble -glucans with 2.5 ng/mL of type III peptidoglycan, 30 µg/mL of water-insoluble -glucans with 25 pg/mL of ß-1,3-glucan, or 30 and 100 µg/mL of water-insoluble -glucans was added to 5 x 105 cells of peritoneal exudates macrophages for 24 hrs. WIG, water-insoluble -glucans; PGN, peptidoglycan. (B) J774.1 cells (105 cells/mL of complete RPMI 1640 medium) or peritoneal exudate macrophages (5 x 105 cells/mL of complete RPMI 1640 medium) were stimulated with water-insoluble -glucans (WIG; 
), water-soluble -glucans from S. sobrinus (WSG; 
), dextran T-2000 (Dextran; 
), or sucrose (
) at the indicated concentrations for 24 hrs, after which the production of TNF- was assessed by means of a cytokine ELISA kit. Results represent the means ± SE from 9 wells (3 experiments performed in triplicate). *p < 0.01, compared with cells stimulated with WIG; **p < 0.01, compared with sucrose-stimulated cells. ND; not detectable (less than 78 pg/mL).
