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RESEARCH REPORT |
1-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Human Submandibular Glands
1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and
4 Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhong Guan Cun South St. 22, 100081 Beijing, PRC;
2 Department of Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center; and
3 Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PRC
* co-corresponding authors, gyyu{at}263.net and pathophy{at}bjmu.edu.cn
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1-Adrenoceptor has been discovered to exist in many human tissues and mediates important physiological functions. The purpose of this study was to detect the expression, distribution, and function of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands. 1A- and 1B-Adrenoceptor mRNAs were identified by reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR), and their proteins were detected by Western blotting. No expression of the 1D-adrenoceptor mRNA and protein was found. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs and proteins were shown to be widespread in both ductal and acinar cells. By confocal microscopy, phenylephrine (stimulating both 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors) or A61603 (1A-selective agonist) induced an increase in intracellular calcium by 2.33 ± 0.18-fold and 1.81 ± 0.43-fold, respectively, while 5-methylurapidil (1A-selective antagonist) partly blocked calcium mobility stimulated by phenylephrine. The results indicated that functional 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors were expressed in human submandibular glands, and might contribute to the regulation of saliva synthesis and secretion.
KEY WORDS: 1-adrenoceptor • receptor subtypes • neurotransmitter • submandibular gland • tissue distribution
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1-Adrenoceptor plays important roles in mammalian physiology, such as function regulation, energy metabolism, and stress response, by interacting with catecholamine (for review, see Docherty, 1998). 1-Adrenoceptor has been characterized according to its different affinities for the competitive antagonist WB4101 and prazosin by ligand-binding (Morrow and Creese, 1986), and has been distinguished by the selective alkylating agent chloroethylclonidine in inactivating the 1B, but not 1A, subtype (Han et al., 1987). Until now, three distinct 1-adrenoceptor subtypes (1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor) have been identified through molecular cloning techniques and pharmacological assays (for review, see Gregory et al., 2000). The cDNAs encoding human 1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptors have also been cloned (Schwinn et al., 1990; Hirasawa et al., 1993; Weinberg et al., 1994; Esbenshade et al., 1995), and different 1-adrenoceptor subtypes have been localized in several human organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and prostate (Price et al., 1994; for review, see Ruffolo et al., 1994).
It has been suggested that the secretory function of mammalian salivary glands is primarily regulated through the complicated action of distinct receptors such as -adrenoceptors, ß-adrenoceptors, muscarinic-cholinergic receptors, and peptidergic receptors (for review, see Baum, 1993; Ekström et al., 1993; Baum and Wellner, 1999). The -adrenoceptor has been found to regulate the secretion of fluid and electrolytes and may have an effect on the secretion of protein in saliva (Klein, 2002). Secretory responses evoked by sympathetic neurotransmitters could be mediated through the activation of the 1-adrenoceptor in both innervated and denervated rat submandibular glands (Bylund et al., 1982; Elverdin et al., 1984), and the stimulating effect of the 1-adrenoceptor on rat parotid acinar cells was confirmed in vitro by an increase in potassium release (Ito et al., 1982). The presence of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA has been confirmed in rat submandibular glands (Faure et al., 1994; Rokosh et al., 1994; Nishiura et al., 2001). 1A- and 1B-Adrenoceptor proteins have been identified in rat submandibular glands and an acinar cell line (SMG-C10) (Bockman et al., 2004).
Until now, however, limited information exists regarding the 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands, and their physiological and pathological significance remains to be determined. In this report, we have detected the expression, distribution, and function of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands and have attempted to explore the possible regulatory function of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in saliva secretion.
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MATERIALS & METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Reverse-transcription/Polymerase Chain-reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was isolated by the Trizol method, and each sample was quantitated spectrophotometrically at OD260/280. RT-PCR was carried out according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), with 1.0 µg of total RNA. The 1-adrenoceptor subtype-specific primers (Table
) were designed and synthesized (AoKe, Beijing, China). Amplification of ß-actin was performed for internal standardization. cDNAs from human submandibular gland tissues without reverse-transcriptase treatment and human 1-adrenoceptor subtype full-length cDNAs were amplified as negative and positive controls, respectively. The band densities were analyzed semi-quantitatively by image analysis after gel electrophoresis (LEICA550IW).
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1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor probes consisted of 440-bp, 528-bp, and 525-bp EcoRI-BamHI fragments corresponding to nucleotides 962 to 1401 of cloned human 1A-adrenoceptor cDNA (GenBank L31774), 1028 to 1554 of cloned human 1B-adrenoceptor cDNA (GenBank L31773), and 1192 to 1716 of cloned human 1D-adrenoceptor cDNA (GenBank L31772), respectively. They were linked to the pGEM-7Z vector, which was confirmed by restriction nuclease digestion and identification. Antisense and sense single-stranded digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes were generated from linearized 1-adrenoceptor subtype cDNA constructs by RNA polymerase T7 and SP6 by in vitro reverse-transcription as described in the Promega protocols.
In situ Hybridization
Small tissue blocks were quickly excised and fixed in freshly prepared 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, at 4°C. After being dehydrated with a series of ascending grades of ethanol, tissues were embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, and mounted. The sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, digested with proteinase K (2 µg/mL in PBS), and fixed according to established procedures (Yang et al., 1999). Subsequently, the sections were hybridized with the specific digoxigenin-labeled probes and incubated at 42°C for 16 hrs. After hybridization, the sections were blocked by treatment with horse serum and incubated with anti-digoxigenin-alkaline phosphatase, prior to color development with nitro-blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate in the dark.
Immunohistochemistry
Frozen tissue specimens 5 µm thick were prepared. The cryostat sections were fixed in acetone:chloroform (1:1) and immunostained with the primary polyclonal antibodies diluted 1:100 in 2% BSA/PBS for 1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptors (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), according to routine immunohistochemistry protocols (Cohen et al., 1995).
Western Blotting
Tissues were minced in lysis buffer (pH 7.4) containing 20 mM Tris, 0.5 mM EDTA, 25 µg/mL aprotinin, 25 µg/mL leupeptin, 20 µg/mL pepstatin A, and 174.2 µg/mL phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and homogenized at 4°C. After centrifugation, the membrane pellet was solubilized in the above buffer containing 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1.5% NP-40, and 0.1% SDS. The protein concentration was determined by the method of Lowry et al.(1951).
Aliquots (50 µg) of the soluble proteins were denatured in the loading buffer and resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gels. The proteins were then electroblotted onto PVDF membrane at 100 V for 90 min after the gels were run. The membranes were probed overnight with goat anti-1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor antibodies (diluted 1:100 in blocking buffer) at 4°C, and then incubated with horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibody. The immunoreactive bands were visualized by chemiluminescence detection (Amersham, Oakville, ON, Canada).
Submandibular Gland Cell Culture
Acinar cells from human submandibular glands were freshly isolated, as described previously (Horn et al., 1988), in Hanks’ balanced salt solution buffered with HEPES to pH 7.5 (containing 0.05% BSA, 100 U/mL collagenase, 0.2 mg/mL hyaluronidase). The resulting cell suspension was centrifuged at 400 g for 5 min and gently re-suspended in DMEM medium, then plated on a 35-mm Petri dish coated with 50 µg/mL poly-D-lysine and cultured in an atmosphere of 5%CO2 in air at 37°C for 12 hrs.
Intracellular Calcium Imaging
The cultured cells were washed with Hanks’ balanced salt solution, then loaded with 10 µM fluo-3-AM at 37°C for 30 min. The cells were washed and stimulated with phenylephrine (1 µM) or A61603 (100 µM; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). For some experiments, 5-methylurapidil (0.1 µM) was added 30 min before the treatment with phenylephrine. The addition of KCl (50 mM) was used as the positive control. Calcium fluorescence images were examined by confocal microscopy and quantified as described previously (Premkumar and Ahern, 2000).
Statistical Analyses
Data were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test between groups. A probability of less than 0.05 was assumed to be significant. Data were presented as means ± SEM.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular gland, we designed the specific primers according to their sequences. The specificity of the primers was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the corresponding gene products and by amplification of human 1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor full-length cDNAs (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C) as positive controls. The amplification efficiencies of the target cDNAs and ß-actin were detected at various cycle numbers from 30 to 39 (data not shown). 1A- and 1B-Adrenoceptor mRNAs were identified in all specimens tested (n = 10; Figs. 1D, 1E, 1F). The relative intensities of transcripts for 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA in the submandibular gland samples were compared, with normalization to the house-keeping gene ß-actin (Fig. 1G). 1A-Adrenoceptor mRNA was more abundantly distributed than 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA in human submandibular glands. No expression of 1D-adrenoceptor mRNA was identified.
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1-adrenoceptor subtypes, showed no homology, and were distinct from the transmembrane regions. The cDNA sequencing results confirmed the specificity of each probe (data not shown).
High expression levels of alpha-1 adrenoceptor were observed in the acinar cells of the submandibular glands. The positive hybridization signal was localized mainly in acinar cell cytoplasm (Fig. 1H
). Much lower levels of labeling were seen in the striated, intercalated, and excretory ductal cells. The expression of 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA had a similar distribution in submandibular glands (Fig. 1I), was expressed intensely in acinar cells, and at lower intensities in ductal cells. No expression of 1D-adrenoceptor mRNA was detected.
Immunohistochemistry
In the frozen sections, the submandibular glands consisted mainly of serous acini and all types of ducts; a few mucous acini and mixed acini were also observed. All specimens (n = 10) showed strong intracytoplasmic and membrane immunoreactivity with specific 1-adrenoceptor subtype antibodies. The immunoreactivity of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor was most intense in striated, intercalated, and excretory ductal cells (Figs. 1J, 1K). The staining intensity of ductal cells was distinctly stronger than that of acinar cells. The positive staining of 1D-adrenoceptor was barely detectable in both acinar and ductal cells.
Western Blotting
The cDNAs encoding the 1-adrenoceptor subtypes were transfected in HEK293 cells, and the cell lysates were immunoblotted as a test of the specificity of the antibodies. We evaluated quantification range by controlling the protein dependency of the immunoreaction, and it was confirmed that the reaction was linear (data not shown). Distinct immunoreactive bands of 55 kDa and 60 kDa, corresponding to the 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor, respectively, were detected by receptor-specific antisera in human submandibular glands (n = 3; Figs. 1L, 1M).
Intracellular Calcium Imaging
To determine the function of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes, we performed quantitative analysis of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in single cells. A small peak of fluorescence intensity was observed at about 400 sec, and the maximum value was reached at about 1500 sec after agonist treatment. Either phenylephrine (Figs. 2A, 2B) or A61603 (Figs. 2C, 2D) induced a significant increase in [Ca2+]i by 2.33 ± 0.18-fold and 1.81 ± 0.43-fold (n = 10 cells from three different submandibular glands), respectively. The addition of KCl significantly increased [Ca2+]i (Fig. 2H). The phenylephrine-induced [Ca2+]i was markedly attenuated by 65% with the pretreatment of 5-methylurapidil (Figs. 2E, 2F).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS & METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1-adrenoceptor subtypes in human submandibular glands. The results showed that both 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs and proteins were widespread in ductal and acinar cells, and no 1D-adrenoceptor expression was found. 1A- and 1B-Adrenoceptors might be involved in the regulation of submandibular gland function.
1-Adrenoceptor subtypes have been characterized in many mammalian tissues, but little is known about the human submandibular gland because of the limitation of available normal human tissues. It is noteworthy that most of our experiments were done with submandibular gland tissues from patients undergoing functional neck dissection for oral carcinoma at the stage of clinically negative lymph node metastasis. Because glands excised for chronic sialadenitis, submandibular gland calculus, or tumors generally have pathological changes, the specimens in our experiment appear to be the only possible source of normal human submandibular gland tissue for research purposes.
Species heterogeneity exists in the distribution of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in submandibular glands. In the rat, the expression of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs has been detected, and the mRNA expression level of the 1A-adrenoceptor was higher than that of the 1B-adrenoceptor (Rokosh et al., 1994; Nishiura et al., 2001). 1D-Adrenoceptor mRNA was not detected in previous studies, but has recently been identified by RT-PCR (Bockman et al., 2004). In the human submandibular gland, we found that the expression of 1A-adrenoceptor mRNA was relatively higher than that of the 1B-adrenoceptor by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and no expression of 1D-adrenoceptor mRNA was identified. The expression of 1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor proteins has been detected in the rabbit (Piao et al., 2000). 1A- and 1B-Adrenoceptors, but not 1D-adrenoceptors, have been found in rat submandibular glands (Bockman et al., 2004). Using specific 1-adrenoceptor subtype antibodies, we detected the presence of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors in human submanibular glands. These results indicated the similar pattern of expression of 1-adrenoceptor subtypes between rat and human submandibular glands.
There has been no report about the distribution of 1-adrenoceptor subtype mRNA and protein in human submandibular glands. In our study, 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA was localized in human submandibular glands by in situ hybridization. The expression patterns for 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs had distinct cellular profiles, with acinar cells showing a very intense hybridization signal, while duct cells showed a very low level of gene expression. The distribution of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor proteins in human submandibular glands was not in accord with that of their mRNA, since the immunoreactivity for 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors was located mainly in duct cells and partly in acinar cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry.
It is known that the expression of mRNA may not always parallel that of the protein. Not all adrenoceptor mRNAs expressed strictly reflect functional receptors; similar phenomena can be observed in other tissues. For example, in the rabbit thalamus, the fact that 1B binding sites were not detected, despite the expression of 1B-adrenoceptor mRNA, is significant (Piao et al., 2000). The expression variance between mRNA and corresponding protein may result from translational efficiency, half-life, or instability of the mRNA (Nishiura et al., 2001). The expression of 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptor mRNAs indicated their transcription in human submandibular glands; however, the synthesis of the adrenoceptor proteins may be influenced at the translational or post-translational level.
It has been demonstrated that the formation of plasma-like initial salivary secretion takes place in the acini. Through the duct system of salivary glands, the composition of this initial salivary secretion is modified, due to re-absorption of sodium and chloride, and the secretion of potassium and bicarbonate (for review, see Baum, 1993). In the process of salivary secretion, the 1-adrenoceptor may have an important effect on salivary gland duct cells in re-absorbing fluid and electrolytes (Klein, 2002). The distribution of functional 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors has been evaluated in SMG-C10, an acinar cell line cloned from rat submandibular glands, according to the different affinity values for 1-adrenoceptor subtype selective antagonists (Bockman et al., 2004).
It has been reported that activation of the 1-adrenoceptor could induce an increase in [Ca2+]i, which mediates electrolyte mobility and fluid secretion (Martinez and Reed, 1988; Quissell et al., 1992). We evaluated the function of 1A- or 1B-adrenoceptors in human submandibular gland cells using the intracellular calcium imaging indicator, fluo 3-AM. Phenylephrine, which stimulates both 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors, induced a significant increase in [Ca2+]i, while A61603, an 1A-adrenoceptor seletive agonist, also induced an increase in [Ca2+]i, but the extent of [Ca2+]i increase was lower than that induced by phenylephrine. In addition, 5-methylurapidil, the selective 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist, showed distinct but incomplete inhibition of the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by phenylephrine. The results indicated that the 1A-adrenoceptor subtype could contribute to the regulation of saliva synthesis and secretion. Since the selective 1B-adrenoceptor antagonist at present is controversial (Zhong and Minneman, 1999), the function of 1B-adrenoceptor in human submandibular glands needs to be further investigated.
In conclusion, we have presented here the first evidence of the expression of functional 1A- and 1B-adrenoceptors in human submandibular glands, which may be significant for our understanding of the involvement of human 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in salivary synthesis and secretion.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Received April 20, 2004; Last revision October 19, 2005; Accepted November 2, 2005
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