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Figure 4. Clinical validation of osmotic blistering in enamel after the application of one-step self-etch adhesives. (A) Photograph of tooth 11 immediately after the application of iBond. (B). The same tooth surface after 1 hr, showing a rough texture (pointer). (C) A high-magnification view of the rough adhesive surface in tooth 11, showing the presence of osmotic blisters (open arrowheads). (D) SEM micrograph of an epoxy resin replica of the enamel surface of tooth 11, reproduced from a polyvinyl siloxane impression that was taken 3 hrs after the application of Xeno III. Osmotic blisters (open arrows) could be observed between the polymerized adhesive (A) and the enamel surface (E). (E) Epoxy resin replica of the same surface 24 hrs after the application of Xeno III. There was almost complete delamination of the adhesive from the enamel surface. Small, undisrupted blisters (open arrows) can still be seen from the fragments of retained adhesive (A). Striae of Retzius (pointer) were evident along the exposed enamel surface (E).
