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Figure 1. Experimentally induced arousal and RMMA. (A) Percentage of stimuli that caused experimental arousal during sleep. No group difference was found for the frequency of experimental arousal (p > 0.05, ANOVA). St2, stage 2; St3&4, stages 3 and 4; and REM, rapid eye movement sleep. Open bars, normal subjects (n = 8); filled bars, SB patients (n = 8). L, M, and H: low, medium, and high intensity of stimuli. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. (B) An example of an RMMA episode induced by stimulus in an SB patient during sleep stage 2. Following VT+AD stimulation (arrow), the change in cortical EEG activity (C3A2, O2A1) was followed by repetitive phasic masseter (MAS) and suprahyoid (SH) EMG activity with grinding noise. EOG, electro-oculogram; TA, anterior tibialis muscle activity; EKG, electrocardiogram. Horizontal bar 3 sec; vertical bar, 100 µV. (C) The percentage of trials with RMMA episodes occurring during experimental arousal. All SB patients showed RMMA episodes during experimental arousal, while only one normal subject did. Filled circles, SB patients (n = 8); open circles, normal subjects (n = 8). ***p = 0.003; Mann-Whitney test.
