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Effects of COX-2 Inhibitor in Temporomandibular Joint Acute Inflammation

Department of Psychobiology–Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, Vila Clementino-SP-04024-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. (A) Effect of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on sleep efficiency in the acute inflammatory model induced by Freund’s adjuvant application to the TMJ on 2 light periods of recording. Each set of columns represents an experimental group. (B) Effect of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on sleep parameters in the acute inflammatory model induced by Freund’s adjuvant application in the TMJ on 2 light periods of recording. SHAM group: injected with saline. FA group: injected with Freund’s adjuvant. Saline (SHAM/COX2i) and Freund’s adjuvant (FA/COX2i) injected into the TMJ treated with etoricoxib (COX-2i, 90 mg/kg, p.o.). W1, wake day 1; W2, wake day 2; nREM1, non-REM sleep day 1; nREM2, non-REM sleep day 2; REM1, rapid eye movement sleep day 1; REM2, rapid eye movement sleep day 2. The values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Differ from SHAM group (p < 0.05). #Differ from Freund’s adjuvant group (p < 0.01). ¥Differ from SHAM/COX2i group (p < 0.05). Differ from first day of SHAM/COX2i group (p < 0.01). N = 8/group.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effect of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on sleep latency (A) and REM sleep latency (B) in the acute inflammatory model induced by Freund’s adjuvant application in the TMJ on 2 light periods of recording. SHAM group: injected with saline. FA group: injected with Freund’s adjuvant. Saline (SHAM/COX2i) and Freund’s adjuvant (FA/COX2i) injected into the TMJ treated with etoricoxib (COX-2i, 90 mg/kg, p.o.). The values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Differ from the SHAM group (p < 0.001). Differ from first day of SHAM/COX2i group (p < 0.01). Differ from first day of the FA/COX2i group (p < 0.05). N = 8/group.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Effect of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on arousals in the acute inflammatory model induced by Freund’s adjuvant application in the TMJ on 2 light periods of recording. SHAM group: injected with saline. FA group: injected with Freund’s adjuvant. Saline (SHAM/COX2i) and Freund’s adjuvant (FA/COX2i) injected into the TMJ treated with etoricoxib (COX-2i, 90 mg/kg, p.o.). The values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Differ from SHAM group (p < 0.05). #Differ from Freund’s adjuvant group (p < 0.05). N = 8/group.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Representative 12-hour light period hypnogram on the first day for a SHAM (A), Freund’s adjuvant (FA) (B), SHAM/COX2i (C), and FA/COX2i (D) rats. Values were recorded at 30-second intervals in each stage. ’W’ represents a period of wakefulness; nREM, non-REM sleep; and REM, REM sleep. Note the marked fragmentation and reduced long sleep period in orofacial pain, and marked alterations after the treatment with etoricoxib.