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Indentation Modulus of the Alveolar Process in Dogs

¹ Section of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 4088 E Postle Hall, 305 W. 12th St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; and
² Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA

View larger version (60K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. The alveolar process and regions/locations for indentation testing. (a) Schematic of bucco-lingual section of mesial root of a premolar and its alveolar process. The alveolar process is divided into 3 regions—coronal, middle, and apical—along the root length of the tooth. Each third is numbered 1 through 6, with 1 being the coronal region on the buccal side and 6 being the coronal region of the lingual side (for the mandibular alveolar process) or the palatal side (for the maxillary alveolar process). Dark lines near (< 200 µm) the periodontal ligament indicate the location of indents in alveolar bone proper (also know as alveolar bone/cribriform plate, bundle bone); stippled boxes indicate approximate locations of indents in cortical bone. (b) Photomicrograph of the alveolar process and surrounding dental structures in the coronal region. Two rectangular boxes indicate approximate sites for making 5 indentations in bone. The box on the left is closer to the periodontal ligament and indicates the location of indents in alveolar bone proper. The box on the right indicates the center of the osteonal cortical bone. This photomicrograph clearly depicts differences in bone morphology and heterogeneity in the alveolar process. Bar indicates 100 µm.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Indentation modulus of the jaws. (a) Indentation modulus (LSM, 95% CI) of alveolar bone proper and cortical bone, depicting two-way interaction. There was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the overall indentation modulus of the alveolar bone proper and cortical bone. Cortical bone region 1 was different (p = 0.0143) from cortical bone regions 2 and 3. However, cortical bone regions 4, 5, and 6 were not different (p = 0.97) from each other. Alveolar bone proper region 1 was not different from alveolar bone proper in regions 2 and 3. Alveolar bone proper region 4 was not different from alveolar bone proper in regions 5 and 6. The sample size, mean, and SE for the 6 regions (from 1 to 6) in the alveolar bone proper were: 47, 9.8, 0.5; 47, 10.3, .5; 47, 11.3, 0.5; 47, 10.7, 0.5; 47, 10.2, 0.5; and 47, 9.9, 0.5. Similarly, the sample size, mean, and SE for the cortical bone were: 46, 11.1, 0.5; 46, 12.0, 0.6; 47, 12.5, 0.5; 47, 12.5, 0.5; 47, 12.8, 0.5; and 47, 12.8, 0.5. (b) Mean indentation modulus of both jaws and bone types plotted separately to highlight significant three-way interactions. The difference in cortical bone and alveolar bone proper for each jaw is depicted and would not be predicted by the graphs in Fig 2a. The maxillary and mandibular cortical bone are significantly (p = 0.002) different for all 6 regions. The mandibular cortical bone and alveolar bone proper show a trend toward having different indentation modulus; however, this is not the case in the maxilla (e.g., region 3). Also, the mandibular alveolar bone proper has a higher indentation modulus than maxillary cortical bone, emphasizing the difference in the indentation modulus of the maxilla and mandibular jaw bone. The sample size, mean, and SE for the 6 regions (from 1 to 6) for each cell were as follows: for cortical bone in the mandible, (24, 13.7, 0.7), (24, 14.4, 0.7), (24, 14.5, 0.7), (24, 15.0, 0.7), (24, 15.1, 0.7), and (24, 15.4, 0.7); for alveolar bone in the mandible, (24, 11.5, 0.6), (24, 11.0, 0.7), (24, 11.5, 0.7), (24, 11.9, 0.6), (24, 11.7, 0.7), and (24, 11.3, 0.6); for cortical bone in the maxilla, (22, 8.5, 0.7), (22, 9.5, 0.8), (23, 10.4, 0.7), (23, 10.0, 0.7), (23, 10.5, 0.7), and (23, 10.2, 0.7); and for alveolar bone in the maxilla, (23, 8.4, 0.6), (23, 9.6, 0.7), (23, 11.2, 0.7), (23, 9.6, 0.7), (23, 8.7, 0.7), and (23, 8.5, 0.7).