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Effects of Systemic Fluoride and in vitro Fluoride Treatment on Enamel Crystals

¹ Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
² Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Pozna, Poland;
³ University of Michigan Electron Microbeam Analysis Laboratory; and
⁴ Leeds Dental Institute, Division of Oral Biology, Leeds, England

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Tapping mode AFM images of enamel crystals on a mica surface, imaged in air. (a) Control (maturation stage); (b) maturation-stage enamel crystals from rats after systemic administration of 50 ppm fluoride for 21 days; (c) maturation-stage non-fluorotic enamel crystals after in vitro treatment with 50 ppm fluoride, pH 7.4, for 21 days at 37°C; (d) maturation-stage non-fluorotic enamel crystals after in vitro treatment with 1000 ppm fluoride, pH 7.4, for 18 hrs at 37°C. [a–d image sizes, 1 x 1 µm; bar = 100 nm; left, height image, z-range, 100 nm; right, phase image, z-range, 60°.]

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Surface roughness measurements ( Ra ± SD) of maturation-stage enamel crystals after in vivo or in vitro treatment of fluoride. In vivo treatment (rats received systemically different concentrations of fluoride in their drinking water, added as NaF, for 21 days): A (control), B (25 ppm), C (50 ppm), D (75 ppm). [B and C are not significantly different from each other (P < 0.05).] Maturation-stage enamel crystals treated in vitro with NaF at different concentrations for 21 days at 37°C: E (control), F (25 ppm), G (50 ppm), H (75 ppm) [not significantly different from each other (P < 0.05)]. Maturation-stage enamel crystals treated in vitro with NaF in different concentrations for 18 hrs at 37°C: I (control), J (200 ppm), K (1000 ppm), L (2000 ppm), M (10,000 ppm), N (20,000 ppm) [J, K, L, M, N are significantly different from the control, I; J and K are not significantly different from each other but are significantly different from L, M, N; L, M, N are significantly different from each other (P < 0.05)].