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Are Cementoblasts a Subpopulation of Osteoblasts or a Unique Phenotype?

Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland; dieter.bosshardt{at}zmk.unibe.

View larger version (166K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Light-microscopic views of (a–c) undecalcified ground sections and (d–i) decalcified semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue. (a) Woven bone formation; (b) cortical bone of the bovine mandible; (c) cortical (CB) and trabecular bone (TB) in the dog mandible; (d) alveolar bone in the rat mandible with cement lines (arrowheads); (e) acellular afibrillar cementum (AAC) at and near the dentino-cemental junction (DCJ) in a human tooth; (f) acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) along the cervical root portion of a human tooth; and (g) cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) as a repair tissue following root resorption in a human tooth. Note the reversal line (arrowheads) between dentin (D) and CIFC. (h) A soft-tissue inclusion with a central blood vessel in bovine cementum (C); and (i) an osteone-like structure with a central blood vessel (BV) within bovine cementum (C). ES, enamel space; PL, periodontal ligament.

View larger version (220K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs illustrating (a) an osteoblast, (b) an osteocyte, (c) a bone-lining cell, (d) AEFC-forming cementoblasts, (e) a CIFC-forming cementoblast, and (f) a cementocyte. AEFC, acellular extrinsic fiber cementum; CIFC, cellular intrinsic fiber cementum; and EF, extrinsic fibers.

View larger version (192K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Transmission electron micrographs of (a) acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC), (b) bone, (c) cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC), and (d) cementoid formation in the cervical portion of a porcine tooth after immunocytochemistry for bone sialoprotein (BSP, b,c), osteopontin (OPN, a), and amelogenin (AMEL, d).

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. (a) Light and (b) transmission electron micrographs showing the new mineralized tissue (NT) that formed on the root surface 5 wks after the application of Emdogain® in a human tooth affected by periodontitis. Note the high cellularity of the ‘regenerated’ tissue (arrowheads, a) and the large, cuboidal cell forming this tissue and exhibiting a cytoplasm filled with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (b). CF: collagen fibrils.

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Figure 5. Schematic drawing illustrating a hypothetical model of the contribution of the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) to the periodontal ligament cell populations. After its fragmentation, HERS gives rise to the epithelial rests of Malassez, but may also be the source of cementoblasts and other mesenchymal cells that populate the periodontal ligament. The illustration shows an early stage of root formation that is associated with the formation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum.