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Ultrastructural Correlates of in vivo/in vitro Bond Degradation in Self-etch Adhesives

¹ Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey;
² Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA; and
³ Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China;

View larger version (94K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. TEM micrographs of the resin-dentin interfaces in (A) Clearfil SE Bond and (B) Clearfil Protect Bond that were bonded in vitro after 24 hrs. Both adhesives created 0.5-µm-thick, partially demineralized hybrid layers (between open arrows) that contained sporadic areas of nanoleakage that were identified as silver deposits (pointer) within the hybrid layer. Fumed silica clusters (arrow) can be seen in both adhesives (A). Sodium fluoride crystals (open arrowhead) are additionally present in Clearfil Protect Bond. D: mineralized dentin.

View larger version (93K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. TEM micrographs of the resin-dentin interfaces in Clearfil SE Bond after (A) 1 yr of in vitro storage in artificial saliva and (B) 1 yr of in vivo clinical service. In both the in vitro and in vivo specimens, nanoleakage (pointer) can be identified from the top of the hybrid layer (between open arrows). In addition, water trees (arrows) are present in the adhesive layer (A), most of which originated from the surface of the hybrid layer. Void-like structures that were surrounded by a halo of silver deposits (black arrowhead) can also be observed in the adhesive. C, lining composite; D, mineralized dentin.

View larger version (96K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. High-magnification view of the resin-dentin interfaces in Clearfil Protect Bond after (A) 1 yr of in vitro storage in artificial saliva and (B) 1 yr of in vivo clinical service. Apart from the presence of nanoleakage (pointer) in the hybrid layer (H), water trees (arrow) are observed only along the surface of the hybrid layer and are not seen within the bulk of the adhesive layer. Additional isolated silver grains (open arrowhead) can be seen in the adhesive. D: mineralized dentin.