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Amelogenin-guided Crystal Growth on Fluoroapatite Glass-ceramics

¹ Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Avenue, D-2260, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA; and
² Department of Growth and Development, University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;

View larger version (77K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. AFM tapping-mode images of FAP glass-ceramic substrates: (a) hexagonal (001)- planes of FAP after being polished and before the experiment; (b) sectional view, revealing 5-nm step height between glass and FAP; (c) substrate after 1 hr of immersion in 0.4 mg/mL rH174, showing nanospheres adhering to glass and FAP; (d) substrate after 24-hour immersion in 0.4 mg/mL rH174, showing that amelogenin nanospheres with diameters around 25 nm formed dense layers; (e) substrate after 24-hour immersion in 1.6 mg/mL rH174, revealing larger spherical aggregates of about 150 nm; and (f) characteristic amelogenin nanospheres (20 nm) are absent on glass (shown in image) and FAP at 1.6 mg/mL rH174 concentration.

View larger version (98K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. AFM image of (001)- planes of FAP. (a) After 24-hour immersion in protein-free CaP-sol, FAP crystal grew about 5 nm above the glass level. Arrows point to nano-precipitates of 15 to 20 nm. (b) After 24-hour immersion in CaP-sol containing 0.4 mg/mL rH174, showing amelogenin nanospheres and crystal growth on FAP of about 5 nm. (c) After 24-hour immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, showing crystal growth on FAP of, on average, 220 nm. (d) After 24-hour immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, showing surface of layer grown on (001)- plane of FAP. (e) After 24-hour immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, showing homogeneity of growth on FAP. (f) After 24-hour immersion in CaP-sol containing 2.0 mg/mL BSA.

View larger version (140K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. AFM images of (hk0)- planes of FAP: (a) before immersion; (b) after immersion in CaP-sol containing 0.4 mg/mL rH174, showing amelogenin nanospheres; (c) after immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, showing organization and alignment of nanoparticles (50 nm) in short string-like patterns approximately parallel to the c-axis of the underlying FAP crystal; and (d) after immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, showing increased height of layers grown on (001)- planes (130 nm) vs. (hk0)- planes (40 nm).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Micro-Raman spectroscopy on substrates cut perpendicular to the extrusion axis: (a) as polished; (b) after immersion in CaP-sol containing 0.4 mg/mL rH174; and (c) after immersion in CaP-sol containing 1.6 mg/mL rH174, revealing a sharp peak at 963 cm–1, and smaller peaks at 705 and 1340 cm–1 (small arrows) and around 1450 and 1670 cm–1 (large arrows).