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Influence of Temporomandibular Joint Pain on Sleep Patterns: Role of Nitric Oxide

Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 Vila Clementino SP-04024-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Effects of L-NAME and L-arginine on total sleep time in an orofacial pain model induced by Freund’s adjuvant injected into the temporomandibular joint during 2 light periods of recording. The values are expressed as mean ± SD. Each set of columns represents an experimental group. *Differ from the other groups (p < 0.001, ANOVA, Tukey test). N = 8/group.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effects of L-NAME and L-arginine on sleep latency (A) and REM sleep latency (B) in an orofacial pain model induced by Freund’s adjuvant injected into the temporomandibular joint during 2 light periods of recording. The values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Differ from the other groups (p < 0.001, ANOVA, Tukey test). N = 8/group.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Effects of L-NAME and L-arginine on the percentage of NREM sleep (A) and REM sleep (B) in an orofacial pain model induced by Freund’s adjuvant injected into the temporomandibular joint during 2 light periods of recording. The values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Differ from the other groups (p < 0.001). Panel B: # Differs from ‘untreated orofacial pain’ and ‘treated with L-arginine’ groups (p < 0.001, Tukey test). N = 8/group.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Representative 12-hour light period hypnogram on the first day of post-orofacial pain for an individual SHAM rat (saline injection—Panel A) and an equivalent time-point in a rat subjected to orofacial pain (Freund’s adjuvant injection—Panel B). W represents a period of wakefulness. Note the marked fragmentation and reduced number of REM episodes in the orofacial pain animal.