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Characterization of Apatite Formed on Alkaline-heat-treated Ti

N. Chosa^1,*,, M. Taira^2,, S. Saitoh², N. Sato¹, and Y. Araki²

¹ Departments of Biochemistry and
² Dental Materials Science and Technology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505 Japan;

View larger version (122K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Surface image of AHS-TI. SEM photo-micrographs at low (left) and high (right) magnification of (A,B) TI (polished titanium), (C,D) A-TI (alkali-treated titanium), (E,F) AH-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium), and (G,H) AHS-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium soaked in SBF) (n = 1). Note: TI had a rough scratched surface, both A-TI and AH-TI had porous honeycomb structures, and AHS-TI had a domed structure.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. AHS produced carbonate-apatite on TI. (A) Thin-film XRD profiles of TI (polished titanium), A-TI (alkali-treated titanium), AH-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium), and AHS-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium soaked in SBF) (n = 1). Note: TI had 5 metallic titanium peaks; A-TI had peaks of amorphous sodium titanate and titanium; AH-TI had peaks of rutile, sodium titanate, and titanium; and AHS-TI had peaks of hydroxyapatite along with peaks of trace titanium. (B) FTIR charts of AH-TI, AHS-TI, and hydroxyapatite (n = 1). Note: Arrow indicates existence of CO32– in AHS-TI.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. AHS-TI consisted of 1.0 µm carbonate-apatite and underlying layered structures. XPS wide-scan spectra of the surfaces of (A) TI (polished titanium), (B) A-TI (alkali-treated titanium), (C) AH-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium), and (D) AHS-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium soaked in SBF) (representative case). Note: The chemical composition (at%) of each element is also depicted (mean ± SD, n = 5). (E) The depth profile of AHS-TI (n = 1). Note: AHS-TI consisted of 5 distinctive layers. From the surface, the apatite layer continued with a thickness of about 1.0 µm. Below the first graded zone, there is a Ti-O layer presumably consisting of titanium and TiO2 oxide about 1.0 µm thick. Below the second graded zone, there is base metallic titanium.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. On AHS-TI, the expression of early-stage differentiation-related mRNAs was down-regulated and that of middle- to late-stage differentiation-related mRNAs was up-regulated. (A) The changes in the levels of expression of 6 osteogenic differentiation marker mRNAs and GAPDH of SaOS-2 cultured for 1, 2, 3, or 4 wks on PS (polystyrene dish), TI (polished titanium), and AHS-TI (alkali-heat-treated titanium soaked in SBF) (representative case). (B) The relative expression levels of OPN, BSP, and OSC on PS, TI, and AHS-TI (mean ± SD, n = 5). *p < 0.05. Note: AHS-TI accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of SaOS-2 cells with ALP and COL mRNAs down-regulated and OPN, BSP, and OSC mRNAs up-regulated.