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Fluid Movement across the Resin-Dentin Interface during and after Bonding

¹ Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Hokkaido, Japan;
² Department of Conservative Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, School of Dentistry, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan;
³ Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
⁴ Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Sacred Heart, Bauru, SP, Brazil;
⁵ Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; and
⁶ Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA;

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Schematic diagram of split-chamber device and water pathway. The water penetrates from the pulp side of the chamber device via dentinal tubules and then nanoleakage pathways within the hybrid layer or bonding resin. Finally, the water penetrates the gap between the silicone ring and bonding resin or resin composite layer. The gap is formed by polymerization shrinkage of resin, due to lack of adhesion between the resin and the silicone ring.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Outward (–) and inward (+) fluid movement across dentin during bonding procedures. The bonding procedures conducted in the absence of pulpal pressure (0 cm H2O) included air-blast, application of adhesive, and light-curing. Negative values indicate outward fluid movements that were recorded when air-blasts (Air) were applied at the surface of smear-layer- or adhesive-resin-covered dentin. Positive values indicated the inward fluid movement that was observed during light-curing (Light) for polymerization of the adhesive resins or resin composites. Smear = smear-layer-covered dentin under 20 cm H2O pulpal pressure; Acid-etched = acid-etched dentin under 20 cm H2O pulpal pressure; Resin = storage of resin-bonded specimens under 20 cm H2O pulpal pressure; Air = air-blast; Light = light illumination.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Summary of changes in the fluid movement of smear-layer-covered dentin before and after being bonded with total-etch vs. self-etch adhesives, with and without pulpal pressure. The fluid movement of smear-layer-covered dentin was not significantly different (p > 0.05) among all groups. After dentin was acid-etched with phosphoric acid, the fluid movement increased approximately 20-fold, due to the removal of the smear layer in the PBNT and SB groups. The water movement across self-etching adhesive bonds (APL or CPB) made under 0 cm H2O pulpal pressure was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of total-etch adhesives (PBNT or SB) 24 hrs after being bonded. Smear = smear-layer-covered dentin; Acid-etched = acid-etched dentin; Bonded 0 min = resin-/dentin-bonded specimens measured immediately after being bonded; Bonded 24 hrs = resin-/dentin-bonded specimens 24 hrs after being bonded. Values are means ± standard deviation. Groups that were significantly different are indicated by different lower-case letters (two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple-comparison tests, p < 0.05, n = 10 for each group).