Different Mechanisms of Syndecan-1 Activation through a Fibroblast-growth-factor-inducible Response Element (FiRE) in Mucosal and Cutaneous Wounds
J. Rautava1,*,
T. Soukka2,
K. Heikinheimo1,
P.J. Miettinen3,
R.-P. Happonen1, and
P. Jaakkola4
1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland;
2 Department of Oral Diseases, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland;
3 Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland; and
4 Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Tykistökatu 6B, BioCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland;
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Figure 1. Activation of syndecan-1 during wound healing. (A) Syndecan-1 immunohistochemical staining (brown) of intact skin and (B) tongue mucosa. (C) Induction of syndecan-1 staining is seen 24 hours after wounding occurs in skin and (D) 12 hours after wounding occurs in oral mucosa during the early proliferative phase. (E) Seven days after being wounded, the skin is remodeling, and strong syndecan-1 staining is detected, similar to that in (F) a mucosal wound five days after being wounded. * = wound site.
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Figure 2. The activation of FiRE in vivo in mucosal wounds occurs more rapidly than in cutaneous wounds. (A) In mucosal wounds, FiRE activity detected by X-Gal staining (blue) is most intense at 24 hours after wounding occurs. (B) In cutaneous wounds, FiRE activity is first detected at 24 hours post-wounding. (C) Three days after wounding occurs, FiRE has disappeared from mucosal wounds but (D) is still robust in cutaneous wounds.
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Figure 3. Activation of FiRE during wound healing. (A) FiRE activation by X-Gal staining in a mucosal wound and (B) in a cutaneous wound during the proliferation phase. (C) FiRE is not detected in the mucosal wound during the remodeling phase, but (D) FiRE activity remains in the remodeling cutaneous wound. (E) PCNA immunohistochemical (brown) and FiRE X-Gal (blue) double-staining showing that FiRE is activated in migrating but not proliferating cells in the mucosal wound and (F) in the cutaneous wound. * = wound site.
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Figure 4. FiRE activation by X-Gal staining differs in mucosal and cutaneous wounds in organ culture. In organ-cultured mucosal wounds, no activation of FiRE was detected at either 24 hrs (A) or 72 hrs (C). In organ-cultured cutaneous wounds, FiRE activation was clearly detectable at both 24 hrs (B) and 72 hrs (D). (E) The addition of EGF to organ culture of mucosal wounds activated FiRE. (F) Mucosal wound without the addition of EGF. * = wound site.
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