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The Use of Small Titanium Screws for Orthodontic Anchorage

¹ Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700, Japan;
² Kanomi Dental Clinic, 30-1-MD Minamiekimae-cho Himeji, 670, Japan;
³ Department of Oral Facial Development, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
⁴ Department of Cellular/Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202;

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. A photograph of the titanium screw and the plate (a), locations of implants (b), and timetable for placing implants (c). W = wks; FA = force applied to groups; HC = healing control groups; T = tetracycline; CG = calcein green.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Static histomorphometric data. Bone-implant contact from the microradiograph analysis in the healing control at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 7). and 12 (N = 6) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (a). Bone-implant contact in the healing control at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the mandible (b). In the maxillary implants, the HC rate at 3 wks is much higher than those in other groups. WV/TV rates from the microradiograph analysis in the healing control at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (c). WV/TV rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 8), and 12 (N = 6) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N= 8) wks in the mandible (d). In both jaws, about half of the total bone volume shows woven bone formation in the three-week HC. BV/TV rates from the bright-field microscopic analysis in the healing control at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (e). BV/TV rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 8), and 12 (N = 8) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 6), and 12 (N= 7) wks in the mandible (f). The 12-week group shows a significantly lower rate in the HC and a significantly higher rate in the FA compared with other groups. *Significantly higher than in the six- and 12-week groups (p < 0.05); **significantly higher than in the 12-week groups (p < 0.05); ***significantly lower than in the three- and six-week groups (p < 0.05); HC = healing control group; FA = force-applied group.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Dynamic histomorphometric data. MS/BS rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 7) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (a). MS/BS rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 8) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 5), and 12 (N = 8) wks in the mandible (b). The three-week MS/BS is significantly higher than that in the other groups in both jaws. MAR rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 7) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (c). MAR rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 8) wks and force applied 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 5), and 12 (N = 8) wks in the mandible (d). The three-week MAR is significantly higher than that in other groups in both jaws. BFR rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 6), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 7) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 6) wks in the maxilla (e). BFR rates in the healing control at 3 (N = 8), 6 (N = 7), and 12 (N = 8) wks and force applied at 3 (N = 7), 6 (N = 5), and 12 (N = 8) wks in the mandible (f). The three-week BFR is significantly higher than that in other groups in both jaws. *Significantly higher rate than in the six- and 12-week groups (p < 0.05); **significantly higher than in the three-week groups (p < 0.05); ***significantly higher than in the 12-week groups (p < 0.05); HC = healing control group; FA = force-applied group.

View larger version (103K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Representative fluorescent (a,c,e) and polarized (b,d,f) microscopic photographs. Three-week HC in the maxilla (a,b), 12-week HC in the mandible (c,d), and three-week FA in the mandible (e,f). In three-week groups, intense fluorescent labels and woven bone (W) formation were observed adjacent to the implant (I), whereas in 12-week HC and three-week FA, fewer labels and less lamellar (L) bone formation were predominantly observed. Bars indicate 0.5 mm.