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Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and the Effects on Bone Remodeling during Experimental Tooth Movement

Department of Orthodontics, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;

View larger version (264K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Immunohistochemical staining of the premaxillary bone in 30-day-old mice with experimental tooth movement for 10 days. Many osteoblasts were detected on the tension side in the PDL space. VEGF in the osteoblasts was positively stained with VEGF-specific antibodies (A). No immunoreactivity was detected in the negative controls (B). Arrows indicate osteoblasts. PMB, premaxillary bone; MR, mesial side of the root.

View larger version (247K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. (A) Time-course changes in the amount of tooth movement and the number of osteoclasts induced by experimental tooth movement with or without rhVEGF injection. First, 0.5 µg rhVEGF was injected into the experimental groups every other week. PBS was injected into the control groups every other week. These mice were killed 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the experiment was initiated. The rate of experimental tooth movement had three phases in the experimental group, and the second phase in this group was shorter than that in controls. Meanwhile, significant differences in the numbers of osteoclasts were found between these two groups. * p < 0.05; n = 5. Frontal sections (7 µm thick) of the midpalatal suture stained with hematoxylin. The mean width of the midpalatal suture was about 60 µm on day 0 (B). The mean width of the midpalatal suture was about 105 µm on day 21 (C). On day 21, the mean amount of sutural expansion was about 46.0 µm. S, midpalatal suture; PB, premaxillary bone. Bar = 40 µm.

View larger version (142K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Frontal sections (7 µm thick) of the periodontium around the incisors stained with TRAP. Many osteoclasts and resorption lacunae were detected in the rhVEGF injection group, especially on day 14 (A,B). In contrast, a small number of osteoclasts appeared in controls (C). Arrows indicate osteoclasts. PMB, premaxillary bone; DR, distal side of the root.

View larger version (100K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. The number of osteoclasts three days after injection of rhVEGF and rhM-CSF. (A) Group N: no injection and no experimental tooth movement. Groups V and M: only injection of 0.5 µg rhVEGF and 0.5 µg rhM-CSF without experimental tooth movement, respectively. Group VM: injection of rhM-CSF as well as rhVEGF without experimental tooth movement. No significant differences were found between V and M. Another group showed a significant difference. Significant differences in the numbers were found between P and V, and between M and VM. The total number of osteoclasts in group V and group M was almost equivalent to that in group VM. NS = not significant (* p < 0.05; n = 8). (B) Group T: experimental tooth movement with PBS. Groups VT and MT: injection of 0.5 µg rhVEGF and 0.5 µg rhM-CSF with experimental tooth movement, respectively. Group VMT: injection of rhM-CSF as well as rhVEGF with experimental tooth movement. The number of osteoclasts in group VT was almost equivalent to that in group MT. The number of osteoclasts in group VMT was significantly larger than that in groups T, VT, and MT. NS = not significant (** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; n = 8). (C) The number of osteoclasts in groups VT and MT was significantly larger than that in groups V and M, respectively (* p < 0.05; n = 8).