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A Nanoleakage Perspective on Bonding to Oxidized Dentin

¹ Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China;
² College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA;
³ Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA; and
⁴ Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;

View larger version (653K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Unstained, undemineralized TEM micrographs of nanoleakage patterns in acid-etched dentin samples that were bonded with single-bottle adhesives. Bonded specimens were previously immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate before laboratory dehydration and epoxy resin embedding. (A) A low-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in OS. (B) A high-magnification view of the hybrid layer in OS. The hybrid layer (H) was only vaguely discerned because the collagen fibrils were unstained. Two different types of silver-staining patterns were discernible. The reticular type, consisting of discontinuous strands of silver deposits (pointer), was observed exclusively within the hybrid layer. The spotted type consisted of isolated spots of silver grains (arrowheads) that were found in both the hybrid layer and the adhesive layer (A). (C) A high-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in GCB. The adhesive layer (A) was very thin. The reticular type (pointer) and the spotted type (arrowhead) of nanoleakage patterns were present within the hybrid layer (H). C, resin composite; U, undemineralized intertubular dentin; T, dentinal tubule.

View larger version (633K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Unstained, undemineralized TEM micrographs of nanoleakage patterns in acid-etched dentin treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, rinsed, and then bonded with single-bottle adhesives. Bonded specimens were previously immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate. (A) A low-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in OS. (B) A high-magnification view of the junction between the adhesive and the demineralization front in OS. The hybrid layer was completely removed, and the reticular type of nanoleakage pattern was absent. The spotted type of nanoleakage (arrowheads) could be only sparsely observed within the adhesive layer (A). A third type of vertical, shag-carpet-like nanoleakage pattern (arrow) was evident along the junction between the adhesive and the undemineralized dentin. This pattern xwas continuous with silver deposits (pointer) present within the porosities of the undemineralized dentin. (C) A high-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in GCB. The adhesive layer (A) was thin, and the hybrid layer was completely absent. Along the junction between the adhesive and the demineralization front, the shag-carpet-type nanoleakage pattern could be seen (arrows) together with silver deposits within the porosities of the undemineralized dentin. Pointer = phase separation of a relatively electron-dense resin component in the polymerized adhesive; arrowhead = electron-dense ytterbium trifluoride crystals within the resin composite. C, resin composite; U, undemineralized intertubular dentin; T, dentinal tubule.

View larger version (621K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Unstained, undemineralized TEM micrographs of nanoleakage patterns in acid-etched dentin treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, rinsed, immersed in 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 min, and then bonded with single-bottle adhesives. Bonded specimens were previously immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate. (A) A low-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in OS. (B) A high-magnification view of the junction between the adhesive and the demineralization front in OS. Although the spotted type of nanoleakage pattern was occasionally seen within the adhesive layer (A), the vertical shag-carpet-like pattern was absent along the junction of the adhesive and the undemineralized dentin (U). Dentinal tubules (T) were also free of silver deposits. (C) A high-magnification view of the resin-dentin interface in GCB. The interface was generally devoid of nanoleakage. Rhombohedral-shaped crystals (arrowheads) were speculated to be sodium ascorbate that were dislodged during sectioning and were trapped by the adhesive (A) along the demineralization front. Silver deposits were occasionally observed along the periphery of these silhouettes (not shown). Pointer: phase separation of a relatively electron-dense resin component in the polymerized adhesive. C, resin composite; U, undemineralized intertubular dentin; T, dentinal tubule.

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