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Estrous-cycle-dependent Variation in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

¹ Division of Orthodontics, Department of Life-Long Oral Health Science, and
² Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Monitoring of the estrous cycle in rats and design of the experiment on tooth movement. (A) Vaginal smears. P (pro-estrus): The smear was characterized by a moderate number of nucleated epithelial cells. E (estrus): Many cornified cells appeared in the smear. M (metestrus): The smear contained leukocytes as well as cornified cells. D (di-estrus): The smear was characterized by nucleated epithelial cells and a large number of leukocytes. Bar = 200 µm. (B) Representative cyclic change in vaginal impedance and design of the experiment on tooth movement. Rats that showed vaginal impedance greater than 3.0 k were defined to be in pro-estrus. The animals were divided into 4 groups based on the stage of the estrous cycle when the force was mainly applied. Animals in the Estrus, Metestrus, Di-estrus, and Pro-estrus groups received force for 2 days during every estrous cycle from late pro-estrus, late estrus, late metestrus, and late di-estrus, respectively. Animals in each group received no force for the remaining 2 or 3 days in each estrous cycle. The animals were examined for 5 consecutive estrous cycles and received the force 5 times for 2 days in each estrous cycle.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Estrous-cycle-dependent variation in tooth movement. (A) The mean tooth movement after 5 consecutive estrous cycles in the 4 experimental groups. Each column represents the mean ± SEM. The number of animals for each column ranges from 4 to 7. *p < 0.05 by the Tukey-Kramer test. (B) Time course of tooth movement in rats in the Estrus and Pro-estrus groups. Each point represents the mean ± SEM of 4 to 7 animals. p < 0.001 for number of force applications and p < 0.05 for groups by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. *p < 0.05 vs. the Pro-estrus group by the Tukey-Kramer test.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Fluctuations in serum estradiol and progesterone over the estrous cycle. (A) Estradiol. (B) Progesterone. Each column represents the mean ± SEM of 11 to 14 animals. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, by the Tukey-Kramer test.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Fluctuations in serum biochemical markers of bone turnover over the estrous cycle and their correlations with serum estradiol or progesterone. (A) TRAP activity. (C) Pyridinoline. (E) Osteocalcin. (G) Calcium. (H) Phosphorus. E, estrus; M, metestrus; D, di-estrus; P, pro-estrus. Each column represents the mean ± SEM of 6 to 8 samples. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, by the Tukey-Kramer test. (B) Correlation between TRAP activity and estradiol (r = -0.42, p < 0.05). (D) Correlation between pyridinoline and estradiol (r = -0.58, p < 0.001). (F) Correlation between osteocalcin and progesterone (r = 0.47, p < 0.01).