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Processing and Properties of Strong and Non-rigid Calcium Phosphate Cement

100 Bureau Drive Stop 8546, Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Health Foundation at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA;

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Data for powder:liquid mass ratio = 2, showing standard deviations. (A) Flexural strength, (B) strain-at-peak-load, (C) work-of-fracture, and (D) elastic modulus, plotted vs. chitosan lactate mass fraction.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Data for powder: liquid ratio = 1. (A) Load-displacement curves for specimens with 0%, 5%, and 15% chitosan lactate. (B-E) Strength, strain-at-peak-load, work-of-fracture, and elastic modulus. Note that in (C) the strain was increased dramatically, from a mean strain of 0.2% for CPC control without chitosan lactate to a mean strain of 15.8% for specimens with 15% chitosan lactate.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Results from the 2x4 design with 2 levels of chitosan lactate and 4 levels of powder:liquid ratio. In (A), a brittle-to-ductile transition occurred at 15% chitosan lactate, and the strain-at-peak-load was increased over 70 times. In (B), at each powder:liquid ratio, the strengths with 15% chitosan lactate were always higher than those without chitosan lactate (p < 0.05).

View larger version (94K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. The CPC-chitosan lactate specimens were loaded to 3.5 mm displacement, unloaded, and the tensile surfaces examined with SEM. (A) Most of the surfaces were smooth and crack-free. Seldom were microcracks observed after extensive deformation. (B) A microcrack is shown in a specimen with 15% chitosan lactate (arrow indicates the crack tip). (C) The microcracks in CPC-chitosan lactate specimens were surface-localized (arrows), even after extensive deformation.