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Human Masticatory Muscle Volume and Zygomatico-mandibular Form in Adults with Mandibular Prognathism

¹ Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan;
² Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University;
³ Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics and 3D-Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
⁴ The Copenhagen Craniofacial Unit (CCFU), Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital;

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. 3-D reference points of the craniofacial structures and zygoma, cranium, and temporal fossa widths (A) Orbit (left, right) (orl, orr), the most inferior point of the orbit bone ridge; porion (left, right) (pol, por), the most latero-superior point of the external auditory meatus; basion (bs), the coronal midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum; zygoma anterior (zga), the most anterior point of the origin of the masseter muscle; zygoma posterior (zgp), the buccolingual midpoint of the deepest point on the antero-inferior region of the zygomatic arch; zygoma exterior (zge), the most exterior point of the upper margin of the zygomatic arch; cranium exterior (cre), the deepest point of the cranium on the temporal fossa; apex of the condylar head (cd), the most superior point of the condylar head; mandible anterior (mna), the buccolingual midpoint of the most anterior point of the insertion of the masseter muscle on the mandible; mandible posterior (mnp), the buccolingual midpoint of the most posterior point of the insertion of the masseter muscle on the mandible; gonion (gn), the buccolingual midpoint of the most prominent point of the mandibular angle; mandibular ramus notch (mnn), the deepest point of the mandibular notch; and mandibular ramus center (mnc), on axial slices the buccolingual midpoint of the given line through the open site of the mandibular foramen, which is perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis of the ramus. (B) Zygoma width (ZgW), the distance between bilateral zge points projected to the intersection between the FHP and the FP; cranium width (CrW), the distance between bilateral cre points projected to the intersection between the FHP and the FP; and temporal fossa width (TFW), the distance between the zge and the cre points projected to the intersection between the FHP and the FP.

View larger version (93K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Cross-sectional areas of skeletal sites and muscles, volumes of muscles and angular variables on the MSP. (A) Zygomatic arch cross-sectional area (ZgCA), cross-sectional area of the zygomatic arch intersected by the plane through the zgp point, which is parallel to the FP; mandibular ramus cross-sectional area (MnCA), cross-sectional area of the mandibular ramus intersected by the plane through the mnc point, which is perpendicular to the line through the mnn and the mnc; (B) Temporal muscle cross-sectional area (TCA), cross-sectional area of the temporal muscle intersected by the plane which is parallel to the FHP and 1 cm superior to the zge (Weijs and Hillen, 1984); masseter muscle cross-sectional area (MsCA), cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle intersected by the plane through the midpoint between the zga and the mna, which is perpendicular to the line through the zga and the mna; temporal muscle volume (TV), volume of the temporal muscle inferior to the plane which is parallel to the FHP and 1 cm superior to the zge; and masseter muscle volume (MsV), volume of the masseter muscle. (C) Gonial angle (GnA), angle between mna-gn and gn-mnp; masseter anterior orientation angle (MsA), angle between mna-zga and the FHP; masseter zygomatic angle (MsZgA), angle between zgp-zga and zga-mna; masseter antegonial angle (MsAgA), angle between zga-mna and mna-gn; (D) Zygomatic angle (ZgA), angle between pol-zga and the FHP; and antegonial angle (AgA), angle between cd-mna and the FHP.