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The Cranial Base in Craniofacial Development: a Gene Therapy Study

¹ Departments of Dentistry,
² Neurobiology & Anatomy, and
³ Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculo-skeletal Research, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave., Rochester NY 14620, USA

^* corresponding author, stephanos_kyrkanides{at}urmc.rochester.edu

The etiology of midface retrusion remains largely unclear. We hypothesized that the cranial base synchondroses play a key role in the development of the craniofacial skeleton in the Sandhoff mouse model. We observed that developmental abnormalities of the cranial base synchondroses involving proliferative chondrocytes are important in craniofacial growth and development. Neonatal restitution of ß-hexosaminidase in mutant mice by gene therapy successfully ameliorated the attendant skeletal defects and restored craniofacial morphology in vivo, suggesting this as a critical temporal window in craniofacial development. Analysis of our data implicates parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) as possible factors underlying the development of the aforementioned skeletal defects. Hence, timely restitution of a genetic deficiency or, alternatively, the restoration of PTHrP or cyclo-oxygenase activity by the administration of PTH and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 selective inhibitors to affected individuals may prove beneficial in the management of midface retrusion.

KEY WORDS: maxilla • skull base • cartilage • growth plate • lysosomal storage diseases • Sandhoff disease • maxillofacial development