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Omega-3 Fatty Acid Effect on Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats

¹ Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, 159 HSRB, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA; and
² Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA

^* corresponding author, knlaks0{at}uky.edu

Gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption are hallmarks of adult periodontitis, elicited in response to oral micro-organisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. We hypothesized that omega ()-3 fatty acids (FA) dietary supplementation would modulate inflammatory reactions leading to periodontal disease in infected rats. Rats were fed fish oil (-3 FA) or corn oil (n-6 FA) diets for 22 weeks and were infected with P. gingivalis. Rats on the -3 FA diet exhibited elevated serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), documenting diet-induced changes. PCR analyses demonstrated that rats were orally colonized by P. gingivalis; increased IgG antibody levels substantiated this infection. P. gingivalis-infected rats treated with -3 FA had significantly less alveolar bone resorption. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of an -3 FA-supplemented diet in modulating alveolar bone resorption following P. gingivalis infection, and supported that -3 FA may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of periodontal disease. Abbreviations: PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA, eicosapentanoic acid; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; and PCR, polymerase chain-reaction.

KEY WORDS: P. gingivalis • -3 PUFA • periodontal disease • alveolar bone loss • IgG antibody

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