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Craniofacial Tissue Engineering by Stem Cells

¹ Columbia University College of Dental Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, 630 W. 168 St. - PH7 CDM, New York, NY 10032, USA;
² Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, University of Michigan Clinical Research Center, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby M, Box 422, Ann Arbor, MI 48106;
³ Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305;
⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
⁵ Department of Biological and Materials Science, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
⁶ National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Room 134, 30 Convent Dr. MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD 20892

^* corresponding author, jmao{at}columbia.edu

Craniofacial tissue engineering promises the regeneration or de novo formation of dental, oral, and craniofacial structures lost to congenital anomalies, trauma, and diseases. Virtually all craniofacial structures are derivatives of mesenchymal cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are the offspring of mesenchymal cells following asymmetrical division, and reside in various craniofacial structures in the adult. Cells with characteristics of adult stem cells have been isolated from the dental pulp, the deciduous tooth, and the periodontium. Several craniofacial structures—such as the mandibular condyle, calvarial bone, cranial suture, and subcutaneous adipose tissue—have been engineered from mesenchymal stem cells, growth factor, and/or gene therapy approaches. As a departure from the reliance of current clinical practice on durable materials such as amalgam, composites, and metallic alloys, biological therapies utilize mesenchymal stem cells, delivered or internally recruited, to generate craniofacial structures in temporary scaffolding biomaterials. Craniofacial tissue engineering is likely to be realized in the foreseeable future, and represents an opportunity that dentistry cannot afford to miss.

KEY WORDS: stem cells • tissue engineering • biomaterials • wound healing • regenerative medicine

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