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RESEARCH REPORTS |
1 Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
2 Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics, Catholic University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
3 Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; and
4 Division for General Dentistry, Hokkaido University Dental Hospital, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan;
* corresponding author, bart.vanmeerbeek{at}med.kuleuven.ac.be
One-step adhesives bond less effectively to enamel/dentin than do their multi-step versions. To investigate whether this might be due to phase separation between adhesive ingredients, we characterized the interaction of 5 experimental and 3 commercial self-etch adhesives with dentin using transmission electron microscopy. All adhesives were examined for homogeneity by light microscopy. Bonding effectiveness to dentin was determined with the use of a micro-tensile bond-strength protocol. The lower bond strength of the one-step adhesives was associated with light-microscopic observation of multiple droplets that disappeared slowly. Interfacial analysis confirmed the entrapment of droplets within the adhesive layer. The prompt disappearance of droplets upon application of a small amount of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) or a HEMA-containing bonding agent, as well as the absence of droplets at the interface of all HEMA-containing adhesives, strongly suggests that the adhesive monomers separate from water upon evaporation of ethanol/acetone. Upon polymerization, the droplets become entrapped within the adhesive, potentially jeopardizing bond durability. This can be avoided by strong air-drying of the adhesive, thereby removing interfacial water and thus improving bonding effectiveness.
KEY WORDS: adhesion • monomer • solvent • phase separation
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