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Increase in HIV Receptors/Co-receptors/-defensins in Inflamed Human Gingiva

¹ Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, 110 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook University-SUNY, Stony Brook, NY, USA 11794-8703;

^* corresponding author, ccutler{at}notes.cc.sunysb.edu

Transmission of HIV-1 through the oral cavity is considered to be a rare event. To identify factors in resistance/susceptibility to oral HIV-1 infection, we analyzed expression in human gingiva of HIV-1 receptors Langerin, DC-SIGN, MR, and GalCer, HIV-1 co-receptors CCCR5, CXCR4, and anti-microbial protein -defensin-1. Our results show that healthy gingiva is infiltrated with cells expressing all HIV-1 receptors tested; however, there are very few CCR5⁺ cells and a complete absence of CXCR4⁺ cells in the lamina propria. In chronic periodontitis (CP), DC-SIGN, MR, CXCR4, and CCR5 increase, but this was accompanied by a ten-fold increase in -defensin-1 mRNA. The CCR5⁺ cells were revealed to be T-cells, macrophages, and dermal dendritic cells. Moreover, epithelial expression of GalCer and CXCR4 together was not apical and showed no trend with underlying inflammation. Thus, low expression of HIV-1 co-receptors in health and high expression of -defensin during CP may comprise endogenous factors that provide protection from oral HIV-1 infection.

KEY WORDS: HIV receptor • co-receptor • DC-SIGN • CCR5 • -defensin-1 • dendritic cells • gingiva • human

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