Figure 1. Effects of phenylephrine on salivary secretion, mRNA expressions of 
1-adrenoceptor subtypes, and localization of AQP5 in transplanted glands. Salivary flow (A), activity of -amylase (B), sodium concentration (C), and potassium concentration (D) of the saliva were measured as described in MATERIALS & METHODS. The transplanted glands were administrated phenylephrine from post-operative day 1. The expressions of 1A-, 1B-, and 1D-adrenoceptor mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in control, transplanted, and phenylephrine-treated glands (n = 6) (E,F,G). All values are given as means ± SEM. N, control submandibular gland; T, transplanted gland; T + PE, transplanted gland with phenylephrine treatment. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with N; #P < 0.05 compared with T. The reactivity to anti-AQP5 antibody was detected with FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Sections were examined by confocal microscopy. (H) Control submandibular gland. AQP5 was located in both the apical membrane and the cytoplasm. (I) Transplanted gland. AQP5 was diffused in cytoplasm. (J) Translocation of AQP5 from cytoplasm to the apical membrane in phenylephrine-treated gland. Bars (H,I,J): 20 µm.