Figure. Landmarks and measurement items used for the cephalometric analyses.

Po

Most posterior point on cranial valut

N

Point the nasofrontal suture

A

Most anterior point on nasal bone

E

Intersection between frontal bone and most superior-anterior point of the posterior limit to the ethmoid bone

S

Intersection between posterior border of basisphenoid and the tympanic bulla

Ba

Most posterior and inferior point of occipital condyle

Pr

Most inferior and anterior point on alveolar process of premaxilla

Bu

Point on premaxilla between jawbone and lingual surface of upper incisors

Mu

Point on intersection between maxillary bone and mesial surface of upper first molar

Iu

Most prominent point between incisal edges of upper incisors

U1

Point on mesial occulusal fossa of upper first molar

U1'

Crossing point on A-N perpendicular to A-N from U1

U2

Point on distal occulusal fossa of upper second molar

U2'

Crossing point on A-N perpendicular to A-N from U2

Pg

Point on most inferior contour of lower border of mandible, adjacent to incisors

Mn

Point in deepest part of antegonial notch curvature

Gn

Point on most inferior contour of angular process of mandible

Go

Most posterior point of angular process of mandible

Co

Most posterosuperior point of condylar process

Co'

Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from Co

Id

Most inferior and anterior point on alveolar process of mandible

Bl

Point on intersection between lingual surface of lower incisor and anteriormost part of lingual alveolar bone

Ml

Point on intersection between the mandibular alveolar bone and mesial surface of first molar

Il

Most prominent point between incisal edges of lower incisor

L1

Point on mesial occulusal fossa of lower second molar

L1'

Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from L1

L2

Point on distal occulusal fossa of lower second molar

L2'

Crossing point on Pg-Gn perpendicular to Pg-Gn from L2